Sesotho Grammar and Literature Words Meanings

Below we have compiled the main Sesotho grammar, literature, and essays common words used in exams, tests, oral, and assignments:

Akeronime

Sesotho: Lentswe le qapilweng ka tlhaku kapa ditlhaku tse qalang mantswe a sehlooho kapa polelo (mohlala: PIR – Puo ya ho Ithuta le ho Ruta).
English: Acronym – a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase or sentence (e.g., PIR – Language of Learning and Teaching).

Puo ya Tlatsetso

Sesotho: Puo e ithutwang ho tlatselletsa puo ya lapeng empa e sa e nkeng sebaka.
English: Additional language – a language learned to complement the home language without replacing it.

Botemengata bo Eketsehang

Sesotho: Mokgwa wa ho ithuta dipuo tse fapaneng, moo puo ya lapeng e matlafatswang, mme dipuo tse ding di ithutwa ho tlatselletsa.
English: Multilingualism – learning additional languages while maintaining and strengthening the home language.

Kananelo ya Botle (Aesthetic)

Sesotho: Ho ananela botle le bohlale ba puo le ditema, mme ho tseba bohlokwa ba mosebetsi wa bonono.
English: Appreciation of beauty – recognizing the aesthetic value in language and literary works.

Alithereishene / Poeletsamodumo

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya modumo o phetoang qalong kapa hare ho mantswe kapa dipolelo ho etsa segalo.
English: Alliteration – repetition of the same sound at the beginning or within words in close proximity.

Asonense

Sesotho: Poeletsodumannotshi – ho pheta modumo wa konsonante hare kapa qetellong ya mantswe.
English: Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds within words.

Khonsonense

Sesotho: Poeletsodumammoho – ho pheta modumo wa konsonante hare kapa qetellong ya mantswe.
English: Consonance – repetition of consonant sounds within words.

Botemengata

Sesotho: Meelelo e fetang e le nngwe ya lentswe e ithekang ka moo le sebediswang ka teng.
English: Ambiguity – when a word or phrase has more than one meaning depending on its usage.

Akanya

Sesotho: Ho lepa kapa ho hakanya hore na diketsahalo di tla tswela pele jwang.
English: Predict – to guess what might happen next in a story.

Palenyana ya Bophelo (Anekedouto)

Sesotho: Phetelo e kgutswanyane ya ketsahalo ka sepheo sa ho thabisa, ho swaswa kapa ho ruta ka mohlala.
English: Anecdote – a short and amusing or informative story about an event or person.

Sehlohlolo

Sesotho: Ketsahalo e hodimodimo ho tsohle tse nang le tshusumetso e kgolo maikutlong a mmadi.
English: Climax – the most intense, exciting, or important point of a story.

Mothipoloho

Sesotho: Tebello e kgolo e sa phethahatsweng ka baka la ho kgeloha ha ditaba kapa ketsahalo e se nang bohlokwa.
English: Anti-climax – an abrupt or disappointing end to an event or series of events.

Kganyetsano / Tarakanyo

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya mehopolo e hanyetsanang ho fana ka kgahlamelo e matla.
English: Antithesis – placing contrasting ideas close together for effect.

Puo ya Tlatsetso

Sesotho: Puo eo ho ithutwang yona ho eketsa boleng empa e sa nkeng sebaka sa puo ya lapeng.
English: Supplementary language – a language learned to enhance knowledge but does not replace the home language.

Poeletsamodumo

Sesotho: Phetolelo ya modumo ka tsela ya bonono ho hlahisa segalo kapa maikutlo a itseng.
English: Sound devices – using repeated sounds for rhythm or emphasis.

Tlhaloso ya Sehlooho

Sesotho: Tlhaloso e bontshang taba kapa morero o motona wa sengolwa.
English: Theme – the central idea or message conveyed in a text.

Lelatodi (Antonym)

Sesotho: Lentswe le nang le moelelo o fapaneng le lentswe le itseng. Mohlala: “botle” le “bobe”.
English: Antonym – A word that has a meaning opposite to another word. Example: “beauty” and “ugliness”.

Loketseng

Sesotho: Ha puo kapa polelo e amoheleha kapa e loketse maemo ao e sebediswang ho wona.
Mohlala: “Dumela Monghadi Mokoena” e loketse maemo a semmuso ho feta “helele thakantona”.
English: Appropriate – When language or expression is suitable or acceptable in the context in which it is used. Example: “Good morning, Mr. Mokoena” is more appropriate in formal settings than “Hey buddy.”

Baamohedi ba Ditaba (Audience)

Sesotho: Babadi, bamamedi kapa babohi ba tobilweng ka tema e itseng. Bangodi le dibui ba lokela ho kgetha puo e loketseng ho latela bamamedi ba bona.
English: Audience – Readers, listeners, or viewers targeted by a particular piece of communication. Writers and speakers should consider their audience when crafting their message.

Ditema tsa Diketsahalo tsa Nnete tsa Bophelo (Authentic Texts)

Sesotho: Ditema tse mabapi le diketsahalo tsa nnete tse sebediswang ho ithuta le ho ruta. Mohlala: diatikele, dipapatso, leibole tsa dihlahiswa, jj.
English: Authentic Texts – Texts that reflect real-life events, often used in teaching and learning. Examples include articles, advertisements, product labels, etc.

Maikutlo (Mood)

Sesotho: Maikutlo a susumetsang ho ngolwa ha tema, a hlaloswang ke kgetho ya mantswe, puisano, kapa tlhaloso ya tikoloho.
English: Mood – The emotional atmosphere or tone of a text, shaped by word choice, dialogue, or descriptions of the setting.

Leeme / Tshekamelo (Bias)

Sesotho: Mokgwa wa ho rata kapa ho sekamela lehlakoreng le itseng ka lebaka la ho tshehetsa motho kapa maikutlo a itseng, ho sitisang kahlolo e nepahetseng.
English: Bias – A tendency to favor one side, opinion, or group, often hindering fair judgment.

Ho Kadima / Maadingwa

Sesotho: Tshebetso ya puo ho adima mantswe ho tswa dipuong tse ding. Mantswe ana a bitswa maadingwa kapa melata.
English: Borrowing – The process where a language borrows words from another. These borrowed words are known as loanwords.

Sehlooho (Caption)

Sesotho: Lentswe kapa polelwana e fumanehang hodimo ho tema, atikele, kapa setshwantsho.
English: Caption – A title or brief explanation accompanying a text, article, or image.

Kharikhetjha (Caricature)

Sesotho: Tlhahiso ya mophetwa ka tsela e feteleditsweng ho bontsha boswaswi kapa ho swaswa.
English: Caricature – A representation of a person exaggerated for comic or critical effect.

Sesosa (Cause)

Sesotho: Taba kapa ntho e leng mohlodi wa ketsahalo e itseng kapa maemo a itseng.
English: Cause – The reason or origin of a particular event or condition.

Tlhahiso le Kgolo ya Baphetwa (Characterization)

Sesotho: Mokgwa oo dibapadi kapa baphetwa ba hlahiswang ka teng, mme kgolo ya bona e bonahala ha pale e tswela pele.
English: Characterization – The way characters are presented and developed in a narrative.

Polelwana (Clause)

Sesotho: Polelo e sa ikemelang ka boyona, e hlokang tse ding hore e phethahale. Mohlala: “Monna ya neng a apere hempe e kgubedu o balehile.”
English: Clause – A group of words containing a subject and predicate, but not necessarily complete on its own. Example: “The man who was wearing a red shirt ran away.”

Kgokahano (Coherence)

Sesotho: Kamano e hokelang mehopolo hore tema kapa seratswana e be ngatana e le nngwe.
English: Coherence – The logical connection and consistency between ideas in a text to create a unified whole.

Momahano (Cohesion)

Sesotho: Ho hokahanya dipolelo kapa diratswana ka dihokahanyi tse kang matshwao a puo, makopanyi, maemedi, kapa phetapheto.
English: Cohesion – The linking of sentences or clauses using linguistic devices such as conjunctions, pronouns, or repetition to create flow and connection in a text.

Puo e Seng Molaong (Colloquialism)

Sesotho: Puo e sebediswang moqoqong o tlwaelehileng empa e sa amohelehe puong ya semmuso.
English: Colloquialism – Informal expressions or phrases used in everyday conversation but not appropriate in formal language.

Dikgato tsa Papiso (Comparative/Superlative)

Sesotho: Mekgwa ya ho bapisa, e fumanehang ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng. Mohlala: “moholo, moholwanyane, moholo haholo”.
English: Degrees of Comparison – Forms used to compare, such as “big, bigger, biggest.”

Bapisa le ho Arohanya (Compare & Contrast)

Sesotho: Ho hlahloba ho tshwana le ho se tshwane kapa ho fapana ha dintho.
English: Compare and Contrast – Examining similarities and differences between two or more items.

Kgohlano (Conflict)

Sesotho: Twantshano kapa qwaketsano e ka bang teng pakeng tsa dibapadi kapa tikoloho.
Mefuta e Mene ya Kgohlano:

Motho o lwantshana le motho e mong.
Motho o lwantshana le tlhaho.
Motho o lwantshana le setjhaba.
Motho o lwantshana le maikutlo a hae (kgohlano ya ka hare).
English: Conflict – A struggle or opposition between characters or against the environment, forming the foundation of a story’s plot.

Lekopanyi (Conjunction)

Sesotho: Lentswe le sebediswang ho kopanya dipolelwana, mantswe kapa dipolelo.
English: Conjunction – A word used to connect clauses, sentences, or words (e.g., and, but, because).

Mantswe a Hokelang (Linking Words)

Sesotho: Mantswe a sebediswang ho kopanya dipolelo le ho atolosa moelelo. Mohlala: “Tabeng ya pele,” kapa “ka lehlakoreng le leng.”
English: Linking Words – Words used to connect ideas and extend meaning, such as “Firstly,” or “on the other hand.”

Moelelo o Patehileng (Connotative Meaning)

Sesotho: Mehopolo e metle kapa e mebe e amanang le lentswe, e fetang moelelo o otlolohileng.
English: Connotative Meaning – Implied or associated meanings of a word, beyond its literal definition.

Maemo (Context)

Sesotho: Tema e hlahiswa maemong a itseng, ho kenyeleditswe tikoloho ya setjhaba, setso kapa dipolotiki.
English: Context – The circumstances or setting in which a text or word appears, influencing its meaning.

Melao ya Puo (Language Conventions)

Sesotho: Ditlwaelo tse amohelehileng ho tsamaisa tshebediso ya puo, ho kenyeleditswe melao ya thutapuo le matshwao a puo.
English: Language Conventions – Accepted norms governing the use of language, such as grammar, punctuation, and structure.

Ho Nahana ka Boiqapelo (Creative Thinking)

Sesotho: Ho nahana ka tsela e iqapetseng e ncha ho rarolla mathata kapa ho ntlafatsa maikutlo.
English: Creative Thinking – The process of generating innovative and original ideas to solve problems or improve understanding.

Ho Bala ho Ekeditsweng (Extended Reading)

Sesotho: Ho bala ditema tse fapaneng bakeng sa ho eketsa tsebo kapa boithabiso.
English: Extended Reading – Reading additional texts beyond the curriculum for knowledge, pleasure, or research purposes.

Moelelo o Totobetseng (Denotative Meaning)

Sesotho: Moelelo o otlolohileng kapa o itseng wa lentswe.
English: Denotative Meaning – The literal or primary meaning of a word.

Tharollo/Phethelo (Denouement)

Sesotho: Qetello ya pale moo diketsahalo tse kgolohadi di rarollwang mme poloto e fihla pheletsong.
English: Denouement – The resolution of the plot, where conflicts are resolved, and the story concludes.

Letso (Diminutive)

Sesotho: Lentswe le bopilweng ka hlomathiso kapa ho fokodisa moelelo wa lona. Mohlala: “Banana” e ba “Banananyana.”
English: Diminutive – A form of a word that conveys a smaller or more endearing version of something. Example: “Girls” becomes “little girls.”

Puo ya Tikoloho/Dayalekte (Dialect)

Sesotho: Puo e itseng e buuwang ke setjhaba kapa tikoloho e itseng e nang le diphapang puong e akaretsang.
English: Dialect – A regional or societal variation of a language with distinct vocabulary, pronunciation, or grammar.

Kgetho ya Mantswe (Diction)

Sesotho: Kgetho ya mantswe e hlahisang setaele kapa maikutlo a mongodi.
English: Diction – The choice of words in speech or writing that reflects the style or tone of the author.

Tomatso Tshwantshisong (Dramatic Irony)

Sesotho: Boemo paleng moo mmadi a tsebang ho hong hoo mophetwa a sa ho tsebeng, ho etsa hore mmadi a natefelwe ke tsitsipano kapa monahano.
English: Dramatic Irony – A situation in which the audience knows something the character does not, creating suspense or humor.

Sebopeho sa Tshwantshiso (Structure of a Play/Drama)

Sesotho: Matshwao a ikgethang a bongodi ba tshwantshiso. Tlhophiso ya poloto, diketsahalo, dipono, dibapadi, mme ka nako e nngwe ho kene makgetha a puo.
English: The specific elements of drama writing, including the arrangement of the plot, events, scenes, characters, and sometimes distinct language features.

Ho Etsa Diqeto (Making Decisions)

Sesotho: Ho bala ka hloko mme ka morao o be o hlahlobe tlhahisoleseding e ngotsweng kapa e hlahisitsweng ho utulla moelelo o sa hlahellang ka kotloloho.
English: The process of reading carefully and analyzing the text to deduce unstated meanings and conclusions.

Hlaola Diphoso (Editing Errors)

Sesotho: Ho lokisa diphoso tse amanang le thutapuo, matshwao a puo, le mopeleto ho etsa hore tema e be le momahano e phethahetseng.
English: Editing errors in language, punctuation, and spelling while ensuring logical coherence in the text.

Ditlamorao (Effects)

Sesotho: Ditholwana kapa ditlamorao tsa ketsahalo kapa maemo.
English: The outcomes or consequences of an event or situation.

Puo e Fehlang Maikutlo (Emotive Language)

Sesotho: Puo e hlahisang maikutlo a matla haholo ho motho.
English: Language that evokes strong emotional responses.

Puo e Susumetsang (Manipulative Language)

Sesotho: Puo e hlohlelletsang kapa e kgothomelletsang motho ka boqhetseke hore a etse kapa a dumele ho hong.
English: Language used to persuade or influence someone’s opinion, often in a calculated way.

Pebofatso (Euphemism)

Sesotho: Polelo e bonolo e nkang sebaka sa polelo e matla kapa e otlolohileng haholo.
English: A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered too harsh or blunt.

Lekola/Hlahloba (Evaluate)

Sesotho: Ho bopa mehopolo, ho etsa kahlolo, mme o fihlele dikgopolo tse itseng.
English: Formulating judgments and deriving conclusions based on analyzed information.

Puo ya Bonono le Bokgabo (Figurative Language)

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya mantswe ka tsela e seng ya tlwaelo ho hlahisa sephetho se lebelletsweng.
English: The use of words in non-literal ways to create intended effects, such as similes, metaphors, and personification.

Fonte (Font)

Sesotho: Mofuta le boholo ba ditlhaku tse sebediswang ha ho ngolwa, mohlala 12pt Times New Roman.
English: The style and size of characters used in writing or printing.

Qatsohiso (Foregrounding)

Sesotho: Ho tsepamisa mohopolo kapa ho hatisa ntlha e itseng hore e hlahelle ka ho hlaka.
English: Highlighting or emphasizing a specific element in the text to make it stand out.

Foramo (Forum)

Sesotho: Puisano kapa ngangisano e arolang baithuti ka dihlotshwana ho buisana ka sehlooho se itseng.
English: A discussion or debate format where groups discuss a specific topic.

Mefuta ya Dingolwa (Genres)

Sesotho: Mekgahlelo ya ditema e fapaneng ho latela mofuta wa tsona, joalo ka padi, terama, kapa thothokiso.
English: Categories of literary works, such as novels, drama, poetry, or letters.

Tshebediso ya Ditho tsa Mmele (Gesture)

Sesotho: Motsamao wa mmele kapa sefahleho o hlahisang molaetsa, mohlala ho tsikinya hlooho.
English: Body or facial movements conveying a message, such as nodding for agreement or frowning.

Didumatshwano (Homonyns)

Sesotho: Mantswe a nang le modumo le mopeleto o tshwanang empa a na le moelelo o fapaneng.
English: Words with the same pronunciation and spelling but different meanings.

Pheteletso (Hyperbole)

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya puo e feteleditsweng haholo ka boomo ho hlahisa maikutlo a matla.
English: Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or dramatic effect.

Setshwantsho (Imagery)

Sesotho: Tlhahiso ya ditshwantsho ka mantswe kapa boingaka ka mohopolong.
English: The use of descriptive language to create mental images for the reader.

Phoqo (Irony)

Sesotho: Ho bua ntho athe moelelo ke wa ho fapana.
English: Saying something but intending the opposite meaning, often for humor or sarcasm.

Tomatso (Verbal Irony)

Sesotho: Mokgwa wa ho soma kapa ho nyefola ka ho bua ntho e fapaneng le moelelo wa nnete.
English: Using words to express the opposite of their literal meaning, often sarcastically.

Tshwantshiso (Metaphor)

Sesotho: Puo e bapisang ntho e le nngwe le e nngwe ntle le ho sebedisa mantswe a tshwantshiso.
English: A direct comparison between two things without using words like “as” or “like.”

Jakone (Jargon)

Sesotho: Puo e ikgethang e sebediswang maemong a itseng a ikgethang, e kang tsa kgwebo, mesebetsi e itseng, kapa lekala le itseng la thuto. E ka sebediswa ho feta tekano kapa ka tsela e kotsi ha e reretswe ho lahlehisa bamamedi.
English: Specialized language used in specific professions, trades, or fields of study, such as “CPU” or “RAM” in computing.

Metswakotswako ya Dipuo (Language Varieties)

Sesotho: Mefuta e fapaneng ya puo e hlahisang diphapang ka ho sebedisa mantswe, sebopeho, le qapodiso ho latela sebaka kapa tikoloho.
English: Variations in language use due to location, culture, or context.

Litheresi (Literacies)

Sesotho: Bokgoni ba ho bala le ho ngola ditema tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa tsebo ya kgokahano, khomputara, tsa setso le tsa kgwebo.
English: Competencies in reading and writing across different media, including traditional, digital, and cultural literacy.

Tshwantshiso (Metaphor)

Sesotho: Puo e sebedisang ntho e nngwe ho hlalosa e nngwe ka matshwao a tshoanang. Mohlala: “Thuto ke senotlolo sa katleho.”
English: Figurative language that describes one thing in terms of another to show similarities.

Mmapa wa Monahano (Mind Map)

Sesotho: Tsela ya ho rala kapa ho bontsha mehopolo e meholo le dihlopha ka ditshwantsho kapa dikarolo tse amanang.
English: A visual representation of ideas and their connections, used for planning or brainstorming.

Maikutlo Temeng (Mood)

Sesotho: Maemo kapa maikutlo a fuperweng ke ditema tse ngotsweng, a bontshang maikutlo a baphetwa kapa mmadi.
English: The emotional atmosphere or tone conveyed by a text.

Dikgokahano tsa Mefutafuta (Multi-Media Communication)

Sesotho: Mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho hlahisa ditema tse ngotsweng, tse mamelwang, tse shebwang kapa tse ngotsweng dijithale.
English: The use of various media, such as text, audio, and video, for communication.

Phetelo (Narration)

Sesotho: Ho pheta kapa ho hlalosa diketsahalo ka tatelano e hlophisehileng.
English: The act of telling or recounting events in sequence.

Lentswe la Phetelo (Narrative Voice)

Sesotho: Lentswe la motho ya phetang pale, e ka ba motho wa pele (“Ke”) kapa motho wa boraro (“Yena”).
English: The perspective or voice through which a story is told.

Leetsisa (Onomatopoeia)

Sesotho: Mantswe a kgwephetsang medumo kapa meelelo ya tsona, a kang “moo” kapa “phaa.”
English: Words that imitate or suggest the sound they describe, such as “buzz” or “clang.”

Tatolano (Oxymoron)

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya mantswe a mabedi a latolanang ka meelelo, a kang “leseli le lefifi.”
English: A figure of speech combining contradictory terms, such as “jumbo shrimp.”

Dipuisano tsa Moifo (Panel Discussions)

Sesotho: Puisano pakeng tsa sehlopha sa batho ho sekaseka kapa ho tshohla sehlooho se itseng.
English: A structured discussion among a group of people about a specific topic.

Tarakanyo (Paradox)

Sesotho: Polelo kapa monahano o bonahalang o lwantshana, empa ha o hlahloba ka hloko, o utlwa ka moelelo.
English: A seemingly self-contradictory statement or idea that, upon closer examination, reveals a deeper truth.

Akaretsa (Paraphrase)

Sesotho: Ho pheta mohopolo ka mantswe a fapaneng, empa o boloka moelelo o tshwanang.
English: Restating an idea in different words while retaining the original meaning.

Paronime (Paronym)

Sesotho: Lentswe le bopilweng ka ho nkwa puong e nngwe, empa le na le moelelo o tshwanang kapa o amanang.
English: A word derived from another with a related meaning.

Mothofatso (Personification)

Sesotho: Ho fa ntho e sa pheleng diketso kapa makgabane a motho. Mohlala: “Moya o ile wa lla bosiu.”
English: Assigning human characteristics to non-human objects or concepts.

Poloto (Plot)

Sesotho: Tatelano ya diketsahalo tsa sehlooho pading kapa temeng e ngotsweng.
English: The sequence of main events that make up a story.

Ntlhakemo (Point of View)

Sesotho: Mokgwa kapa tsela eo mophetwa a bonang ditaba ka yona pading kapa tshwantshisong.
English: The perspective or stance of a character in a story.

Leeme (Prejudice)

Sesotho: Kahlolo e sa amoheleheng ya motho kapa ntho, e entsweng ntle le bopaki bo tshepehang.
English: An unfounded or biased judgment about a person, group, or idea.

Tlhaloso ya Lentswe (Voice Projection)

Sesotho: Tsela ya ho buela hodimo ka ho hlaka le ho ikgolola lentsweng ha o bua.
English: The clarity, volume, and modulation of voice when addressing an audience.

Rejistara (Register)

Sesotho: Mokgwa wa puo o ikamahanyang le maemo a itseng, joalo ka puo ya semmuso kapa ya kgwebo.
English: The level of formality or tone used in language based on the context, such as formal or informal registers.

Kobiso (Sarcasm)

Sesotho: Puo e buuwang ka mokgwa wa ho nyatsa kapa ho soma ka tsela e fetelletsang.
English: The use of mocking or ironic language to convey scorn or criticism.

Sesotho Literary and Linguistic Terms Explained

Tlodisa Tema Mahlo (Scan)

Sesotho: Ho mathisa mahlo temeng ka sepheo sa ho fumana tlhahisoleseding e itseng ka potlako. Mohlala: Ho sheba bukeng ya dinomoro tsa mehala ho fumana lebitso le itseng.
English: Quickly glancing through a text to locate specific information.

Papiso (Simile)

Sesotho: Tshebediso ya mantswe a kang “jwalo ka,” “sa,” kapa “ba” ho bapisa ntho e itseng le e nngwe. Mohlala: “O matla sa tau.”
English: A comparison using “like” or “as,” e.g., “He is strong as a lion.”

Okola (Skim)

Sesotho: Ho bala tema ka tsela e sa tebang, o fumana mohopolo o akaretsang. Mohlala: Ho bala koranta o sheba dihlooho feela.
English: Reading a text superficially to grasp its general meaning.

Selenge (Slang)

Sesotho: Puo e seng ya semmuso, e atisang ho sebediswa ke dihlopha tsa batho tse itseng, haholo batjha. Mohlala: “Cool,” “sharp,” kapa “mpintje.”
English: Informal language or expressions often used by specific groups, such as youth.

Tadima Dintho ka Lehlakoreng le le Leng (Stereotype)

Sesotho: Mohopolo o tiileng ka motho kapa ntho, o nang le tshekamelo ya ho nyenyefatsa kapa ho se lekanye maemo.
English: A fixed or oversimplified belief about a group or individual.

Lewa (Strategy)

Sesotho: Mokgwa kapa tshebetso e reretsweng ho rarolla bothata kapa ho fihlela sepheo.
English: A planned method or approach to solving a problem or achieving a goal.

Kgatello (Stress)

Sesotho: Ho toboketsa karolo e itseng lentsweng kapa polelong. Mohlala: Ho tobetsa lentswe “Kea” polelong “Kea tseba.”
English: Emphasis placed on a particular part of a word or sentence.

Setaele (Style)

Sesotho: Mokgwa o ikgethileng oo mongodi a hlophisang mantswe ka wona ho etsa sephetho se ikgethileng, ho bontsha botho ba hae ba bongodi.
English: The distinctive way a writer arranges words to express themselves.

Sekapoloto (Subplot)

Sesotho: Ketsahalo e tsamaellanang le poloto ya sehlooho pading kapa tshwantshisong.
English: A secondary storyline that supports or contrasts with the main plot.

Simbolo (Symbol)

Sesotho: Ntho e emelang moelelo o tebileng kapa mohopolo o itseng. Mohlala: Leru le letsho le ka emela masisapelo.
English: An object or image representing a deeper meaning or idea.

Mahlalosonngwe (Synonym)

Sesotho: Lentswe le nang le mohopolo o tshwanang kapa o batlang o tshwana le wa lentswe le leng. Mohlala: “Nonne” le “hakotse.”
English: A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word.

Tlamahanya (Synthesise)

Sesotho: Ho kopanya mehopolo e tswang mehloding e fapaneng le ho e akaretsa ka tsela e hlakileng le e utlwahalang.
English: Combining ideas from different sources into a cohesive whole.

Tema (Text)

Sesotho: Setshwantsho kapa setatemente se hlahiswang ka ho ngolwa, ho buuwa, kapa ka ditsela tse ngatanyana.
English: A written, spoken, or visual communication piece.

Mookotaba (Theme)

Sesotho: Mohopolo o moholo kapa mohopolo o phethehileng temeng. Tema e ka nna ya ba le mekotaba e fapaneng.
English: The central idea or message in a text.

Sehalo (Tone)

Sesotho: Mokgwa kapa maikutlo a hlahiswang temeng, a bontshang maikutlo kapa pono ya mongodi.
English: The attitude or emotional tone conveyed in a piece of writing or art.

Tema ya Kgokahano (Transactional Texts)

Sesotho: Ditema tse sebeliswang kgokahanong ya mehla, tse kang mangolo, diraporoto, kapa difekse.
English: Texts used for formal or everyday communication, like letters or reports.

Melao ya ho ba le Seabo Dipuisanong

Sesotho: Melao e laolang puisano e dumellang bohle ho hlahisa maikutlo le ho lekalekanya moqoqo hore o se ke wa kgeloha.
English: Guidelines for engaging in discussions, ensuring fairness and clarity.

Ditema tse Bohuwang (Visual Texts)

Sesotho: Ditema tse bontshang molaetsa ka setshwantsho kapa dikerafiki, tse kang dinepe kapa dikhathunu.
English: Texts that communicate ideas visually, such as photos, cartoons, or graphics.

Boikutlwahatso (Authorial Identity)

Sesotho: Semelo kapa maikutlo a mongodi a hlahang temeng ya hae.
English: The personality or perspective of the author as inferred from their work.

Bokgoni ba ho Manolla Mantswe (Word-Attack Skills)

Sesotho: Mekgwa e sebediswang ho rarolla mantswe a sa tsejweng le ho fumana moelelo. Mohlala: Ho arola lentswe ka dinoko.
English: Techniques used to decode and understand unfamiliar words.

Dibopeho Tsa Polelo le Melao ya Tshebediso ya Puo

Mabitso

Mefuta le Mehlala:

Mabitso a kgopolo: Boikokobetso, botswa, bohale, bohlale, bokgopo, jj.
(Mabitso a emelang diketsahalo kapa maikutlo, eseng dintho tse bonahalang)
Mabitso a hohle: Setulo, lekotikoti, monna, mosadi, tafole, sekolo, jj.
(Mabitso a emelang dintho kapa batho ka ho toba)
Mabitso a rarane: Modulasetulo, mahanahojwetswa, ntlwanatshwana, jj.
(Mabitso a bopilweng ka ho kopanya mantsoe a mabedi kapa ho feta)
Mabitso a kgoboka: Mohlape, phutheho, sehlopha, sekgakgatha, jj.
(Mabitso a emelang sehlopha sa dintho kapa batho ba bangata)
Mabitso a bitso: Palesa, Dafita, Pitoria, Maseru, sekolo sa poraemari sa Lereko, jj.
(Mabitso a bitso kapa a khethollang batho kapa dibaka ka lebitso)

Maemedi

Mohlala wa Maemedi ho Ya ka Modiri le Modiriswa:

Mmui (1st person): Nna (bonngwe), rona (bongata).
Mmuiswa (2nd person): Wena (bonngwe), lona (bongata).
Mmuuwa (3rd person): Yena (bonngwe), bona (bongata).

Tlhophiso ya Maemedi le Dihlopha tsa Mabitso:

Bonngwe: Yena motho, yena nku, jj.
Bongata: Bona batho, bona dinku, jj.

Tlhahiso Polelong:

Moetsi: Yena o kapa patsi.
Moetsuwa: Tsona di hangwa ke bashanyana.

Mahlalosi

Mefuta le Mehlala:

Lehlalosi la nako: Kajeno – Sello o tsamaya kajeno.
Lehlalosi la sebaka: Thabo o ya sekolong.
Lehlalosi la mokgwa: Moroesi o sebetsa ka mokgwa.

Maetsi

Dikgetho Tsa Maetsi le Mehlala:

Leetsane: Thusa – Puleng o thusana le Dieketseng.
Leetsolli: Tlama – Ntate o tlamolla ntja.
Leetsaki: Ngola – Bashemane ba ngolaka mabota.
Leetsisi: Sheba – Dineo o shebisa Molefi nonyana.
Leetsetsi: Beha – Ntate o behela Maki tjhelete.
Leetsehi: Rata – Mosidi o a rateha.

Makgathe a Leetsi:

Lejwale: Pule o a tsamaya.
Lephethi: Pule o tsamaile.
Lefetile: Pule o ile a tsamaya.
Letlang: Pule o tla ngola lengolo.
Sebopeho sa tatolo: Pule ha a tsamaya.

Makopanyi le Mantswe a Hokelang

Mekgwa ya Tatelano:

Tatelano e tlwaelehileng: Wa pele, wa bobedi, wa boraro, qetellong.
Tlhaloso/sesosa le sephetho: Ka baka leo, hobane, kahoo.
Ho bapisa: Tshwana le, fapane, empa.
Tatelano e bontshang bohlokwa: Ka mehla, qetellong.

Dipolelo le Dipolelwana

Dikarolo Tsa Dipolelo:

Polelonolo: Bashemane ba ja nama.
Polelokopane: Ke a ngola ebile ke mametse mmino.
Polelomararane: O tsamaile ha letsatsi le dikela.

Dikarolo Tsa Dipolelwana:

Polelwanakutu: O tsamaile.
Polelwanabitso: E mo hlodiyang bosiu.
Polelwanatlhalosi: Ha letsatsi le dikela.

Sebopeho sa Potso le Puopehelo

Potso: Na Moroesi o hlatswa dijana?
Puo ya mmui: “Ke tla tsamaya hosane ho ya Maokeng,” ho rialo Nthabiseng.
Puopehelo: Nthabiseng o re o tla tsamaya hosane ho ya Maokeng.

Matshwao a Puo

Mehlala ya Matshwao:

Kgutlo (.): Dimakatso o tsamaya ka pele.
Feelwana (,): Ha a se a fihlile, a re letsetse.
Tlami (-): Mofeta-ka-tsela o inketse yona ntja eo.
Makalo (!): Kgele! A tla a mphoqa enwa ngwana.

Tshusumetso ya Puo Maemong a Leeme

Dihloho tsa Temohisiso:

Moelelo o otlolohileng le o patehileng.
Boitshetleho ba ditema le mongodi maemong a tsa phedisano le tsa dipolotiki.
Puo e fehlang maikutlo, e nang le tshekamelo kapa leeme, e kgethollang.

Etsa bonnete ba hore o sebedisa maemo a puo ka tsela e tshwanelehang ho susumetsa babadi kapa bamamedi hantle.

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