Isindebele Grammar and Literature Common Words

Below you will find Isindebele grammar and literature most common words and phrases used in class tests, exams, and assignments.

I-Akhronimi / Ibizo-Sirhunyezwa

isiNdebele: Ligama elakhiwa ngamaledere wokuthoma wegama, isib. AIDS.
English: Acronym – a word formed from the first letters of other words, e.g., AIDS.

Ilimi LokwEngeza

isiNdebele: Ilimi elifundwa ngaphandle kwelimi lekhaya, kodwa lisekelwa lilimi lekhaya.
English: Additional Language – a language learned in addition to one’s home language, supported by the home language.

Ubulimi-Nengi BokwEngeza

isiNdebele: Ukufunda ilimi elingaphezu kwelimi lekhaya ngaphandle kokulilahla.
English: Additive Multilingualism – acquiring additional languages without replacing the home language.

Thanda Ubuhle

isiNdebele:

Ukuthokoza ubuhle belimi emitlolweni.
Ukuba nomuzwa wokuhlonipha nokujabulela ubuhle belimi.
English:
Appreciating the beauty of language in texts.
Having a sense of valuing and enjoying the richness of language.

Ifana-Tjhada

isiNdebele: Ukubuyelela itjhada elifanako phakathi kwamagama.
English: Alliteration – repetition of similar sounds, often at the start of words.

Ukungahlathululeki Kuhle

isiNdebele: Ukusetjenziswa kwamagama ngendlela edala ukungahlathululeki, isib. “Ubaba uthi ingahlatjwa ikomo emhlophe.”
English: Ambiguity – using words in a way that creates multiple interpretations.

I-Analoji

isiNdebele:

Ukuthola okufanako ezintweni ezibonakala zihlukileko.
Ukusebenzisa ukufaniswa kwezinto njengendlela yokuhlathulula.
English:
Analogy – identifying similarities between things that seem different.
A method of explanation or illustration, but not evidence.

Ukuveza Umlingisi

isiNdebele: Ukukhuluma ngezihloko ezincani nanyana ngezehlakalo ukuze uveze umlingisi.
English: Character portrayal – narrating small events or actions to reveal a character.

Abopopayi

isiNdebele: Maqhinga wokusebenzisa umlandelande weenthombe ukwakha isithombe-ngqondo somnyakazo.
English: Animation – using sequences of images to create an illusion of movement.

Irhobho-Ndaba / Ibohlololo

isiNdebele: Ukungazaliseki kwesiphetho egade silindelwe, nanyana ukwenza isithombe sokulihla.
English: Anti-climax – an unexpected and less impactful ending or event.

Bunqopha

isiNdebele: Ukubonisa imibono emibili nanyana engafaniko, isib. “Ukuzonda khulu, ngebelo elincani.”
English: Contrast – presenting two opposing or different ideas.

Igama Eliphikisako

isiNdebele: Ligama elinencazelo ephikisanako neligama elithileko, isib. “thaba” kanye “notlhuwa.”
English: Antonym – a word with a meaning opposite to another, e.g., “happy” and “sad.”

Ngokufaneleko

isiNdebele: Lokha ilimi lisetjenziswa ngendlela ehambisana nesikhathi nendawo ethileko.
English: Appropriateness – the use of language that matches the time and context.

Ukubuyelela Abokamisa

isiNdebele: Ukubuyelela khulukhulu kwabokamisa, isib. “Khalakatjha.”
English: Assonance – repetition of vowel sounds, especially in poetry.

Abamukelilwazi

isiNdebele: Abantu abalalelako, abafundako, nanyana ababukela amatheksthi ngomnqopho wokufunda.
English: Audience – individuals who listen to, read, or observe texts to gain information.

Itheksthi Ephathekako

isiNdebele: Itheksthi enomsebenzi obonakalako, isib. amaphephandaba, iimagazini.
English: Authentic texts – texts with practical use, e.g., newspapers, magazines.

Ubuhlangothi

isiNdebele: Ukuthatha uhlangothi olulodwa ngendlela ephikisana nencazelo epheleleko.
English: Bias – taking a side or perspective that hinders fair judgment.

Okudosako

isiNdebele: Izihloko ezitlolwe phansi nanyana ezisezansi kwe-athikili, isithombe, njll.
English: Captions – titles or notes accompanying articles, images, etc.

Ikhathuni

isiNdebele: Ukudweba okukhombisa isimo somlingisi ngendlela ethusa umqondo wakhe nanyana ubuntu bakhe.
English: Cartoon – illustrations that exaggerate character traits or actions for effect.

Unobangela

isiNdebele: Into edala ukwenzeka kwesinye isenzeko.
English: Cause – the reason behind an action or event.

Hlathulula

isiNdebele: Ukwenza ihlathululo ezwakala kuhle kumfundi.
English: Explain – to clarify or make something understandable.

Isitlhori / Isiqongo

isiNdebele: Isimo esiphezulu khulu somlando; yinto eqakathekileko egade ilindelwe.
English: Climax – the most significant or exciting part of a story.

Ukukhambelana

isiNdebele: Ukusekela ukulandelana kwemibono nokwenza ukuba indinyana ibumbane.
English: Coherence – ensuring logical flow and connection in ideas or paragraphs.

Ukukhambisana

isiNdebele: Ukuhlanganisa imitjho, iindima, nezibizo ngendlela ehambelana ngenye indlela yokubuyela ezibuyiswaneni.
English: Agreement – aligning sentences, clauses, and pronouns to ensure logical and grammatical consistency.

Ukuhlanganisa

isiNdebele: Ukuhlanganisa imibono evela emithonjeni ehlukahlukeneko bewakha umbono oyedwa obonakalako.
English: Synthesizing – combining ideas from various sources to form a single, clear perspective.

Ikholokhyalizimu

isiNdebele: Ilimi elingaseseleliweko nelisetjenziselwa ingcoco evamileko nanyana engaziwa ngabantu abanengi.
English: Colloquialism – informal language or expressions used in everyday speech but not in formal writing.

Madanisako / Khulisako

isiNdebele: Amazinga wokumadanisa nokukhulisa, isib. omkhulu, omkhudlwana, omkhulu khulu.
English: Degrees of comparison – levels of comparison, such as large, larger, largest.

Irarano

isiNdebele: Ukuphikisana nanyana ukubambana hlangana kwabalingisi bodwa nanyana abalingisi nabujamo.
English: Conflict – opposition or struggle between characters or between characters and situations.

Isihlanganiso

isiNdebele: Ligama elihlanganisa amagama, imitjho, nanyana ibinzana, isib. “kodwana,” “begodu.”
English: Conjunction – a word that connects words, sentences, or clauses, e.g., “and,” “but.”

Ihlathululo Enqophileko

isiNdebele: Ukunqophisa ihlathululo ngokusebenzisa amagama avula umqondo ongaphezu komthombo ongathomileko.
English: Explicit explanation – a detailed interpretation that goes beyond surface meaning.

Ubujamo

isiNdebele: Ihlalakuhle nendawo ezokwenza itheksthi ifundeke kahle; kufaka isiko nesendlalelo sepilo namapolotiki.
English: Context – the background and environment that influence the interpretation of a text.

Okumumethweko

isiNdebele: Okuqukethweko okusemthelelweni wetheksthi, isib. okukhona ngaphakathi.
English: Content – what is included within a text or composition.

Amatshwayo Wobujamo

isiNdebele: Iindlela ezibonisa ubujamo betheksthi begodu ezinikele ekufundeni ngesikhala noma isikhathi.
English: Contextual cues – elements in a text that provide background or additional understanding.

Ukumadanisa

isiNdebele: Ukulinga indlela izinto ezifana ngayo nanyana ezihlukana ngayo ngokwetjhuguluko nelimi.
English: Comparing – examining similarities or differences between elements in language or context.

Imithetho Yokusetjenziswa Kwelimi

isiNdebele: Imigomo ehlelekileko yokusebenzisa ilimi ngendlela elungileko.
English: Language usage rules – structured guidelines for correct and effective language use.

Ukuhlola Okuragela Phambili

isiNdebele: Ikambiso yokuhlola umsebenzi womfundi ngonyaka woke.
English: Continuous assessment – a method of evaluating students’ work throughout the year.

Ikulumo-Pikiswano

isiNdebele: Iinqhema ezimbili eziphalisana ngomnqopho wokutjengisa ukujula kwemibono yazo.
English: Debate – a discussion between two teams aiming to prove their points persuasively.

Ihlathululo Ebhamba

isiNdebele: Ukuhlathulula amagama njengombana ayikho ngendlela esisekelo.
English: Literal interpretation – the basic and direct explanation of words.

Igama Elisuselwe Kelinye

isiNdebele: Igama elithathwe kelinye nanyana elimiswe ngokufaka izithomo.
English: Derived word – a word formed from another root or base word.

Ilimi Lesigodi

isiNdebele: Indlela yelimi elisetjenziselwa mphakathi othileko begodu elingavama ukuhluka kwamanye amaqembu.
English: Dialect – a form of language specific to a particular region or community.

Itshimo Lomdlalo

isiNdebele: Lokha abamukelilwazi bazi izinto ezinengi kunabalingisi emdlalweni.
English: Dramatic irony – when the audience knows more than the characters in a play.

Isakhiwo Somdlalo

isiNdebele: Ukuhleleka kweemvelele, iinkundla, kanye nokuphakamisa indlela isitjhaba esihlathululwako ngayo.
English: Dramatic structure – the organization of scenes, acts, and elements within a play.

Uku-Editha

isiNdebele: Ukulungisa imitjhapho yamagama, ukwakha nokuhlela itheksthi.
English: Editing – the process of refining and correcting a text for clarity and coherence.

Umphumela

isiNdebele: Isiphetho nanyana imiphumela yento ethileko.
English: Outcome – the result or consequence of an event or action.

Ilimi Elithinta Imizwa

isiNdebele: Ilimi elivusa imizwa embi nanyana emihle.
English: Emotive language – language that evokes strong feelings or emotions.

Isithombe-Ngqondo

isiNdebele: Amagama akha izithombe engqondweni yomfundi, isib. isifaniso nanyana isingathekiso.
English: Imagery – words or phrases that create mental pictures, e.g., similes or metaphors.

Ubukhulu / Umhlobo Weledere

isiNdebele: Umumo wamaledere nanyana ubukhulu bawo njengalokho okukhonjiswa ngetjhada, isib. 12pt.
English: Font size and style – the size and appearance of letters, e.g., 12pt Times New Roman.

Ubukhulu / Umhlobo Weledere

isiNdebele: Bungako bobukhulu nanyana umhlobo wamaledere asetjenziselwa ukutlola, isib. 12pt nanyana Times New Roman.
English: Font size and type – the dimensions and style of text used in writing, e.g., 12pt font size or Times New Roman font style.

Ingaphambili (Okungafani neNgemva)

isiNdebele: Kubonisa ukubekwa kwento eqadi nanyana ngaphambili kwefreyimu, kufanekisela ukubeka ukugandelela kwento ethile.
English: Foregrounding – placing an object or element in the forefront of a frame or context to emphasize its importance.

Iforamu

isiNdebele: Ukuhlanganisa abantu ngokwamaqembu amane nanyana ukulungiselela ikulumo-pikiswano, lapho iqembu ngalinye likhuluma ngombono ohlukileko ngesihloko esibekwe ngaphambili.
English: Forum – a group discussion or debate where multiple perspectives on a given topic are presented, with a decision made by a judge or panel.

Ijenri

isiNdebele: Imihlobo yamaliterethi asetjenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amatheksthi, isib. Inovela, umdlalo, iinkondlo, nencwadi yobungani.
English: Genre – categories of literature or text, such as novel, drama, poetry, or memoir.

Ukukhuluma Ngezitho Zomzimba

isiNdebele: Umsikinyeko wobuso nanyana womzimba ongaveza umqondo, isib. ukuvuma ngehloko.
English: Body language – facial expressions or physical movements that communicate meaning, e.g., nodding in agreement.

Amagrafu

isiNdebele: Iimveliso ebonwako, ezifana nokutlama nanyana ukudweba.
English: Graphics – visual and technical designs, such as illustrations and charts.

ILimi leKhaya / lokuBelethwa

isiNdebele: Ilimi umfundi afunda ngalo kumbelethi nanyana ekhaya, avamise ukucabanga nalo.
English: Home Language – the first language a learner acquires, often spoken at home and used for thinking and communication.

Abomafana-Peledwa

isiNdebele: Amagama apeledeka ngokufana kodwana anencazelo ehlukileko, isib. ithanga (‘umgade’) kanye nethanga (‘igoji’).
English: Homonyms – words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, e.g., bank (a financial institution) and bank (a river edge).

Umabizwa-Fana

isiNdebele: Amagama abizwa ngokufana kodwana apeledeka nanyana ahlathululeka ngokuhluka, isib. umkhumbi (ship) kanye ikhumbi (herd).
English: Homophones – words that sound alike but differ in spelling and meaning, e.g., flower and flour.

Irhwala

isiNdebele: Isimo sokukhulisa umqondo ngokwehlathululo, isib. wangipha intabakazi yokudla.
English: Hyperbole – deliberate exaggeration for effect, e.g., “They gave me a mountain of food.”

Isithombe

isiNdebele: Okubonwako nanyana isibonelo esiphakamisako.
English: Image – a visual representation or example.

Okungakanqophi

isiNdebele: Isimo esingaqinisekiswa kodwana esivumela umcabango nanyana ukuhlathululwa.
English: Implicit meaning – suggested meaning not directly expressed in the text.

Ukufaka Hlangana

isiNdebele: Ukwenza ifundo ifinyelele kibo boke abafundi ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa iminyanya nendlela yokufunda eyahlukileko.
English: Inclusivity – ensuring education is accessible to all learners, regardless of background or learning style.

Ngokupheleleko

isiNdebele: Ukukholelwa bona ifundo kufanele ifinyelele kibo boke abafundi ngaphandle kokucabangela iindlela zabo zokufunda nendawo yokuhlala.
English: Universality – the belief that education should be available to all learners, irrespective of their circumstances.

Ukuthatha Isiqunto

isiNdebele: Ukuthola isinqumo ngemva kokuhlaziya ihlathululo yesihloko esithileko.
English: Decision-making – reaching a conclusion after analyzing information.

I-Inuwendo

isiNdebele: Isitatimende esikhuluma okungasimnandi ngendlela engeqiwa ngamazwi atjengileko.
English: Innuendo – an indirect or subtle reference, often with a negative connotation.

Ukuhlunga

isiNdebele: Umsebenzi wokucoca nanyana wokutjhiya ilwazi ngemva kokuhlola ngokutjheja.
English: Filtering – the process of organizing or refining information for a specific purpose.

Ihluka Lizwi

isiNdebele: Ipateni yokuthomba nelizwi nanyana ukuphakamisa itjho ukugandelela ihlelo.
English: Intonation – the pattern or pitch of speech indicating structure or meaning.

Ijagoni

isiNdebele: Ilimi elisetjenziselwa imisebenzi ethileko, isib. “RAM” nanyana “ikhondlwana” ebujameni bekhompyutha.
English: Jargon – specialized language used in particular professions, e.g., “RAM” in computing.

Imalaphrophizimu

isiNdebele: Iphutha lokusebenzisa amagama ngendlela edidanako, kuvamise ukuhlekisa.
English: Malapropism – the humorous misuse of similar-sounding words.

Isingathekiso

isiNdebele: Ukusebenzisa isibonelo sokufanekisa ukuhlathulula okuthileko, isib. Ifundo silodlhelo esinqophe epumelelweni.
English: Metaphor – describing something by equating it with another, e.g., Education is the key to success.

Umebhe-Ngqondo

isiNdebele: Umfanekiso-ngqondo wamagama nezithombe ezilandelana ngokuhlelekileko.
English: Mind map – a visual representation of ideas connected logically.

Indlela

isiNdebele: Iindlela zokutjho izinto ezifana nokutlola, ukukhuluma, nanyana ukusebenzisa amagrafu.
English: Modality – different modes of communication, such as writing, speaking, or visual representation.

Indlela yobujamo

isiNdebele: Ukuzwa nanyana ukuthatheka kumatheksthi atlolwako; kutjengisa umuzwa nanyana ukwakheka kwengqondo yabalingisi.
English: Mood or tone – the emotional or intellectual atmosphere of a written text, reflecting characters’ feelings or a writer’s intention.

Iinsetjenziswa Ezivangileko

isiNdebele: Ihlanganisela yemihlobo yezinto ezingafaka amatheksthi atloliweko, amavidiyo, namatshwayo abukelwako.
English: Multimedia tools – a combination of resources such as written texts, visuals, and videos.

Ikulumiswano

isiNdebele: Zomlomo nanyana okutloliweko okumayelana nezehlakalo ezihlangeneko.
English: Dialogue – spoken or written conversation about shared events or topics.

Ilizwi lomcoci/lomdembi

isiNdebele: Ilizwi lomuntu ococa indaba; kungaba umuntu wokuthoma (Mina) nanyana umuntu wesithathu (lo/bona).
English: Narrator’s voice – the perspective or voice used to tell a story, whether first-person (“I”) or third-person (“he/she/they”).

Isenzukuthi

isiNdebele: Ukusebenzisa amagama ukwakha imidumo eyenziwa yilokho okukhuluma ngakho, isib. “uwe wathu bhu.”
English: Onomatopoeia – words that imitate sounds, e.g., “bang” or “buzz.”

I-Okzimoroni

isiNdebele: Ukusebenzisa amagama aneenhlathululo eziphikisanako, isib. “Ithlo epepenene” (blind clarity).
English: Oxymoron – a figure of speech combining contradictory terms for effect, e.g., “bittersweet.”

Ukucoca Ngeenqhema

isiNdebele: Ukwakha amaqhema ukukhuluma ngesihloko bese kuphendulwa imibuzo.
English: Group discussion – forming groups to discuss a topic and respond to questions collaboratively.

Pharadoksi

isiNdebele: Isitatimende esiziphikisako nanyana esiqala singakhambisani kodwana sizwakale ngemva kokuhlaziywa.
English: Paradox – a seemingly self-contradictory statement that reveals truth upon deeper reflection.

Umtjhwana Obuyelelwako

isiNdebele: Ukubuyisela umbono nanyana amagama umuntu asebenzisa ngendlela yakhe.
English: Restatement – expressing a previously mentioned idea in new words.

Ipharonimi

isiNdebele: Igama elisuselwe egameni langaphandle.
English: Loanword – a word borrowed from another language.

Ukwenza-Samuntu

isiNdebele: Ukunikela izinto ezingaphiliko amatshwayo wabantu, isib. “Ikufa kuyaziphakamisa.”
English: Personification – attributing human traits to non-human entities, e.g., “Death knocks at the door.”

Isakhiwo/Isizinda

isiNdebele: Indlela eveza indawo, umraro, nabalingisi emtlolweni.
English: Setting – the description of place, conflict, and characters in a story or drama.

Umbono

isiNdebele: Umbono womtloli nokuthi abalingisi nendawo kuvezwa njani.
English: Perspective – the viewpoint or stance of the writer in narrating the story.

Izindlekelo

isiNdebele: Ukwehlulela nanyana ukungabekezeli emntwini, isiqhema, nanyana umbuzo.
English: Prejudice – preconceived opinions about a person, group, or idea.

Ukuphakama Kwephimbo

isiNdebele: Ukuphakamisa ilizwi nawukhulumako ukuzwakala kuhle.
English: Voice projection – raising or modulating the voice for clarity and emphasis during speech.

Idlalo-Magama

isiNdebele: Ukudlala ngamagama afanako nanyana afana ngomdumo, isib. “Unomlandu anganamlandu.”
English: Wordplay – using similar-sounding or identical words humorously, e.g., “She stole my heart; he stole my wallet.”

Iridandensi

isiNdebele: Ukusebenzisa amagama nemitjhwana engatlhogekiko.
English: Redundancy – unnecessary repetition of words or phrases.

Irejista

isiNdebele: Ukusetjenziswa kwamagama ahlukahlukeneko ngokufaneleko endaweni ethileko.
English: Register – the appropriate use of language based on context, such as formal registers in legal documents.

Umbiko

isiNdebele: Ukunikela umbiko obuyako wobujamo obuthileko, isib. ingozi.
English: Report – a structured account of an event or situation.

Ukufunda Ngokubuyelela

isiNdebele: Iqhinga lokuphinda ukufunda ukuze umtlolo uzwakale kuhle.
English: Rereading – a strategy to enhance understanding by reading a text again.

Amaqhinga Wekulumo

isiNdebele: Ukusebenzisa amaqhinga afana nokubuyelela nanyana ukuphumula esikhulumako.
English: Speaking strategies – using techniques like pauses or repetition during speech for impact.

Umbuzo-Ziphendule

isiNdebele: Umbuzo obuzelwa ukugandelela umqondo, isib. “Uyazi ukuthi ulithamsanqa kangakanani?”
English: Rhetorical question – a question asked for emphasis, not to elicit an answer.

Irhara

isiNdebele: Kulumo eqiniseka ngokuqinisa into ngendlela ehloselwe ukungaphezu kweyokuzwakala.
English: Hyperbole – deliberate exaggeration for dramatic effect, e.g., “He’s strong as a lion.”

Ukuskima

isiNdebele: Ukufunda msinya ukwenza umqondo omkhulu womtlolo.
English: Skimming – reading quickly to grasp the main idea of a text.

Iteksi

isiNdebele: Iteksti etlolweko, ethiweleleko, nanyana ebonwako.
English: Text – any written, spoken, or visual communication.

Iinkhekhe zamagama (Parts of Speech)

Ithomo, Imirabhu, neenlungelelo (Formation, Roots, and Affixes)

isiNdebele: Amabizo asuselwa kezinye iinkhekhe zekulumo, ezifana neenlungelelo zokwakha amagama amasha.
English: Words formed from other parts of speech, using prefixes and suffixes to create new meanings.

Ibizo (Nouns)

Amabizo Alula (Simple Nouns)

isiNdebele: Amabizo angelula ngaphandle kweenlungelelo, njenge “indoda.”
English: Simple nouns without affixes, such as “man.”

Amabizo-Sinyefu (Proper Nouns)

isiNdebele: Amagama akhethekileko athoma ngerhabo.
English: Proper nouns starting with a capital letter.

Amabizo-Mbala (Abstract Nouns)

isiNdebele: Amagama aveza imibono, imizwa, nanyana izenzo ezingabonakali ngokobujamo.
English: Abstract nouns describing ideas, emotions, or intangible states, e.g., “ubuhle” (beauty).

Amabizo-Buthelela (Collective Nouns)

isiNdebele: Amagama abumbene amela iqhema lezinto ezihlobene.
English: Collective nouns representing a group, e.g., “iqembu” (team).

Amabizo-Senzo (Verbal Nouns)

isiNdebele: Amabizo akhishwa ezikweni, njengokuthi “ukukhuluma.”
English: Verbal nouns derived from verbs, such as “to speak.”

Izabizwana (Pronouns)

Izabizwana Zokukhomba (Demonstrative Pronouns)

isiNdebele: Ukususa iphuzu ebesikanye nalo, isib. “le” (this) nanyana “labo” (those).
English: Pronouns indicating proximity or distance, such as “this” and “those.”

Ubunikazi (Possessive Pronouns)

isiNdebele: Amalunga aqinisekisa ukufaneleka, njenge “wami” (mine) kanye “yakho” (yours).
English: Pronouns showing possession, like “mine” and “yours.”

Isabizwana Sokuzenza (Reflexive Pronouns)

isiNdebele: Isabizwana esiveza isenzo esibuyele kumenzi, isib. “uzifundisa yena.”
English: Reflexive pronouns, showing actions done back to the subject, e.g., “He teaches himself.”

Izenzo kanye Neendlela Zesenzo (Verbs and Verb Forms)

Iinkathi Zesenzo (Tenses)

Sanje: Present tense, e.g., “Ngifunda” (I am reading).
Esidlulileko: Past tense, subdivided into recent and distant past.
Esizako: Future tense, e.g., “Ngizakufunda” (I will read).

Iimpambosi (Moods of Verbs)

isiNdebele: Imbambosi ziveza umqondo womphakathi nendaba ethileko.
English: Verb moods such as indicative, imperative, or subjunctive.

Imihlobo Yemibuzo (Types of Questions)

Ubujamo Obuvumako (Affirmative Statements)

isiNdebele: Iindinyana ezivuma, njengokuthi, “Ngiyazwisisa.”
English: Affirmative statements, e.g., “I understand.”

Ubujamo Obuphikako (Negative Statements)

isiNdebele: Ukuqinisekisa ukuvuma kwekho, njenge “Akanalo ulwazi.”
English: Negative statements, such as “He does not have knowledge.”

Imitjhwana Nemitjho (Clauses and Sentences)

Imitjho Epandepande (Simple Sentences)

isiNdebele: Imitjho equkethe isenzo esisodwa, njenge “Indoda yathula.”
English: Simple sentences with one verb, e.g., “The man was silent.”

Imitjho Ehlangahlangeneko (Complex Sentences)

isiNdebele: Imitjho enemitjhwana engakhanjiswa ngeenhlanganiso.
English: Complex sentences with clauses joined by conjunctions.

Amatshwayo (Punctuation)

Ihayifeni/udwi: Hyphen, e.g., “indlela-emfishane” (short-cut).
Ikholoni: Colon, used for explanations.
I-Aphostrofi: Apostrophe, for possessives or contractions.

Ukuyeleliswa Kokusetjenziswa Kwelimi (Critical Language Awareness)

Iqiniso Nombono: Differentiating fact from opinion.
Ihlathululo ebhamba: Explicit meaning, e.g., “It is raining.”
Ihlathululo ethakeleko: Implied meaning, e.g., “The streets are wet” (implying rain).

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